Artificial intelligence methods including deep neural networks (DNN) can provide rapid molecular classification of tumors from routine histology with accuracy that matches or exceeds human pathologists. Discerning how neural networks make their predictions remains a significant challenge, but explainability tools help provide insights into what models have learned when corresponding histologic features are poorly defined. Here, we present a method for improving explainability of DNN models using synthetic histology generated by a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN). We show that cGANs generate high-quality synthetic histology images that can be leveraged for explaining DNN models trained to classify molecularly-subtyped tumors, exposing histologic features associated with molecular state. Fine-tuning synthetic histology through class and layer blending illustrates nuanced morphologic differences between tumor subtypes. Finally, we demonstrate the use of synthetic histology for augmenting pathologist-in-training education, showing that these intuitive visualizations can reinforce and improve understanding of histologic manifestations of tumor biology.

Dense retrievers have made significant strides in obtaining state-of-the-art results on text retrieval and open-domain question answering (ODQA). Yet most of these achievements were made possible with the help of large annotated datasets, unsupervised learning for dense retrieval models remains an open problem. In this work, we explore two categories of methods for creating pseudo query-document pairs, named query extraction (QExt) and transferred query generation (TQGen), to augment the retriever training in an annotation-free and scalable manner. Specifically, QExt extracts pseudo queries by document structures or selecting salient random spans, and TQGen utilizes generation models trained for other NLP tasks (e.g., summarization) to produce pseudo queries. Extensive experiments show that dense retrievers trained with individual augmentation methods can perform comparably well with multiple strong baselines, and combining them leads to further improvements, achieving state-of-the-art performance of unsupervised dense retrieval on both BEIR and ODQA datasets.

本文研究了使用风险模型来预测电力基础设施引起的野火的时间和位置。我们的数据包括由2015年至2019年间在太平洋天然气和电力领域收集的网格基础设施触发的历史点火和降线点，以及各种天气，植被以及网格基础设施的高分辨率数据，包括位置，年龄，材料。通过这些数据，我们探讨了一系列机器学习方法和管理培训数据不平衡的策略。我们获得的接收器操作特性下的最佳区域为0.776，用于分配馈线点火器，传输线向下事件为0.824，均使用基于直方图的梯度增强树算法（HGB），并带有下采样。然后，我们使用这些模型来确定哪些信息提供了最预测的价值。线长度后，我们发现天气和植被特征主导着点火或降线风险的最重要功能。分配点火模型显示出更大的依赖性对慢变化的植被变量，例如燃烧指数，能量释放含量和树高度，而传输线模型更多地依赖于主要天气变量，例如风速和降水量。这些结果表明，改进的植被建模对进料机点火风险模型的重要性，以及对传输线模型的天气预测改进。我们观察到，基础架构功能可以对风险模型预测能力进行较小但有意义的改进。

As machine learning algorithms start to get integrated into the decision-making process of companies and organizations, insurance products are being developed to protect their owners from liability risk. Algorithmic liability differs from human liability since it is based on a single model compared to multiple heterogeneous decision-makers and its performance is known a priori for a given set of data. Traditional actuarial tools for human liability do not take these properties into consideration, primarily focusing on the distribution of historical claims. We propose, for the first time, a quantitative framework to estimate the risk exposure of insurance contracts for machine-driven liability, introducing the concept of algorithmic insurance. Specifically, we present an optimization formulation to estimate the risk exposure of a binary classification model given a pre-defined range of premiums. We adjust the formulation to account for uncertainty in the resulting losses using robust optimization. Our approach outlines how properties of the model, such as accuracy, interpretability, and generalizability, can influence the insurance contract evaluation. To showcase a practical implementation of the proposed framework, we present a case study of medical malpractice in the context of breast cancer detection. Our analysis focuses on measuring the effect of the model parameters on the expected financial loss and identifying the aspects of algorithmic performance that predominantly affect the risk of the contract.